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<title>Mer Noire</title>
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<subtitle>Recherche en relations internationales sur l'espace mer Noire</subtitle>
<updated>2009-11-24T16:22:32+01:00</updated>
<rights>All Rights Reserved blogSpirit</rights>
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<entry>
<author>
<name>moab75</name>
<uri>http://mernoire.hautetfort.com/about.html</uri>
</author>
<title>Le Mistral français démarche la marine russe</title>
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<id>tag:mernoire.hautetfort.com,2009-11-24:2483234</id>
<updated>2009-11-24T16:22:32+01:00</updated>
<published>2009-11-24T16:18:00+01:00</published>
<category term="Russie" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#category" />
<category term="russie" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
<category term="france" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
<category term="mistral" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
<category term="mer noire" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
<summary> &amp;nbsp;...</summary>
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&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h1&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;http://www.ouest-france.fr/actu/actuDet_-Le-Mistral-francais-demarche-la-marine-russe-_3637-1165228_actu.Htm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/h1&gt; &lt;p&gt;mardi 24 novembre 2009 &lt;img alt=&quot;Long de 200&amp;nbsp;m pour 32&amp;nbsp;m de large, le Mistral est le deuxième plus gros navire de guerre français, après le porte-avions Charles de Gaulle. Il peut accueillir six hélicoptères, quatre chalands de débarquement, treize chars Leclerc, une centaine de véhicules. Il est aussi doté d'un hôpital de 69 lits.&quot; title=&quot;Long de 200&amp;nbsp;m pour 32&amp;nbsp;m de large, le Mistral est le deuxième plus gros navire de guerre français, après le porte-avions Charles de Gaulle. Il peut accueillir six hélicoptères, quatre chalands de débarquement, treize chars Leclerc, une centaine de véhicules. Il est aussi doté d'un hôpital de 69 lits.&quot; src=&quot;http://www.ouest-france.fr/of-photos/2009/11/24/SIGE_mistral_apx_470_.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h4&gt;Long de 200&amp;nbsp;m pour 32&amp;nbsp;m de large, le Mistral est le deuxième plus gros navire de guerre français, après le porte-avions Charles de Gaulle. Il peut accueillir six hélicoptères, quatre chalands de débarquement, treize chars Leclerc, une centaine de véhicules. Il est aussi doté d'un hôpital de 69 lits.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/h4&gt; &lt;h2&gt;La Russie va-t-elle rompre avec une longue tradition de préférence nationale et acheter un navire de guerre français&amp;nbsp;? Le Mistral est à Saint-Petersbourg, depuis hier, pour prouver ses qualités.&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;p&gt;Manoeuvre délicate, hier matin, pour le bâtiment de projection et de commandement (BPC) &lt;i&gt;Mistral&lt;/i&gt;. Le navire français, long de 200&amp;nbsp;m, s'est amarré le long du quai du Lieutenant-Schmidt, à Saint-Petersbourg. Il s'agissait d'effectuer un sans-faute, dans un bras du fleuve Neva où ne sont pas autorisés les navires de plus de 200&amp;nbsp;m et où le vent fort pénalise les bateaux à gros tirant d'air comme le &lt;i&gt;Mistral&lt;/i&gt;. Une manoeuvre sous les yeux inquisiteurs de clients potentiels...&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; La marine russe souhaite s'équiper en BPC et le &lt;i&gt;Mistral&lt;/i&gt; français, conçu par DCNS, correspond à ses besoins. &lt;b&gt;«&amp;nbsp;L'état-major de la marine recherche un navire amphibie capable de débarquer un corps expéditionnaire et de servir de navire-amiral&amp;nbsp;»&lt;/b&gt;, explique Ivan Konovalov, un analyste militaire du journal &lt;i&gt;Commersant&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt; De l'air pour Saint-Nazaire ?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; Le &lt;i&gt;Mistral&lt;/i&gt; a des concurrents&amp;nbsp;: le LPD hollandais de type &lt;i&gt;Johan de Witt&lt;/i&gt; et, surtout, le navire amphibie espagnol de type &lt;i&gt;Juan-Carlos&amp;nbsp;I&lt;/i&gt;. Pourtant, il tient la corde, comme le confirment des sources au sein de la marine russe. Une marine qui pourrait acheter jusqu'à quatre exemplaires du BPC dont un, voire deux, pourraient être construits en France et les autres dans des chantiers navals russes. Les flottes russes du Pacifique et de la mer Noire devraient être les premières équipées.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; Si ce contrat avec les Russes se concrétise, le principal bénéficiaire sera le chantier nazairien STX France, qui construit un troisième BPC pour la Marine nationale, mais dont le carnet de commandes est dramatiquement vide. Un contrat russe pourrait lui donner un peu d'air.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;b&gt;«&amp;nbsp;Il y a une chose à ne pas négliger,&lt;/b&gt; ajouteKonovalov, &lt;b&gt;c'est que les chantiers russes sont incapables de construire ce type de bateau. Nous n'avons ni les capacités techniques ni les moyens financiers de remettre à niveau nos chantiers. En outre, il faut aussi prévoir que ce navire-amiral sera à la tête d'un groupement aéronaval, avec des frégates, des navires de soutien qu'il va falloir construire.&amp;nbsp;»&lt;/b&gt; Ces faiblesses des chantiers navals russes pourraient faire les affaires de leurs homologues français.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; Jusqu'à jeudi, les experts locaux, à qui le président Medvedev a promis, le 16 novembre, un prochain &lt;b&gt;«&amp;nbsp;essor&amp;nbsp;»&lt;/b&gt; de la marine russe, vont pouvoir examiner de près le navire français. Nul doute que le dossier sera abordé, vendredi soir, par Vladimir Poutine et François Fillon, les deux Premiers ministres se rencontrant à Rambouillet pour un séminaire intergouvernemental.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<author>
<name>moab75</name>
<uri>http://mernoire.hautetfort.com/about.html</uri>
</author>
<title>The Rise and Rise of Turkey</title>
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<id>tag:mernoire.hautetfort.com,2009-11-06:2454768</id>
<updated>2009-11-06T14:08:29+01:00</updated>
<published>2009-11-06T14:08:29+01:00</published>
<category term="Armenie, Turquie, Azerbaidjan" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#category" />
<category term="turquie" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
<category term="résurgence" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
<category term="puissance" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
<summary> November 5, 2009  The Rise and Rise of Turkey  By PATRICK SEALE...</summary>
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&lt;p&gt;November 5, 2009&lt;br /&gt; The Rise and Rise of Turkey&lt;br /&gt; By PATRICK SEALE&lt;br /&gt; http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/05/opinion/05iht-edseale.html?_r=2&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; It is generally accepted that America’s destruction of Iraq overturned the balance of power in the Gulf, opening the way for the Islamic Republic of Iran to emerge as a major regional power, able to challenge the dominance of Sunni Arab states and pose as a rival to both Israel and the United States.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; Its influence has spread to Iraq itself — now under Shiite leadership — and beyond to Syria, Lebanon, Palestine and even perhaps to Zaidi rebels in northern Yemen fighting the central government in Sana‘a, a development that has aroused understandable anxiety in Saudi Arabia.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; However, the Iraq war has had another important consequence that is also attracting serious notice. America’s failure in Iraq — and its equal failure to tame Israel’s excesses — has encouraged Turkey to emerge from its pro-American straitjacket and assert itself as a powerful independent actor at the heart of a vast region that extends from the Middle East to the Balkans, the Caucasus and Central Asia.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; The Turks like to say that whereas Iran and Israel are revisionist powers, arousing anxiety and even fear by their expansionism and their challenge to existing power structures, Turkey is a stabilizing power, intent on spreading peace and security far and wide.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; Turkey is extending its influence by diplomacy rather than force. It is also forging economic ties with its neighbors, and has offered to mediate in several persistent regional conflicts. It has, however, not hesitated to use force to quell the guerrillas of the PKK, a rebel movement fighting for Kurdish independence.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; But even here, Turkey is now using a softer approach. The rebels have been offered an amnesty and Turkey’s influential foreign minister, Ahmet Davutoglu, has this past week paid a visit — the first of its kind — to the Kurdish Regional Government in northern Iraq. There is even talk of Turkey opening a consulate in Erbil.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; In recent years, Turkey’s diplomacy has scored many successes, winning great popularity in the Arab world and strengthening Turkey’s hand in its bid to join the European Union. Some people would go so far as to argue that there is no future for Turkey without the E.U., and no future for the E.U. without Turkey.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; Turkey’s dynamic multi-directional foreign policy started to take shape when the Justice and Development party, or AKP, came to power in 2002 under Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan and Abdullah Gul, now president of the Turkish Republic. These men are rightly considered to be conservative and moderately Islamic — their wives wear headscarves — but they are careful to stress that they have no ambition to create an Islamic state. Turkey’s population may be largely Muslim, but the state itself is secular, democratic, capitalist and close to both the West and the Arab and Muslim world. Indeed, Turkey sees itself as a bridge, vital to both.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; Ahmet Davutoglu is credited with providing the theoretical framework for Turkey’s new foreign policy. He was Mr. Erdogan’s principal adviser before being promoted foreign minister.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; Two visits in October illustrate Turkey’s activisim. Prime Minister Erdogan, accompanied by nine ministers and an Airbus full of businessmen, visited Baghdad, where he held a session with the Iraq government and signed no fewer than 48 memoranda in the fields of commerce, energy, water, security, the environment and so forth.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; At much the same time, Foreign Minister Davutoglu was in Aleppo, where he signed agreements with Syria’s foreign minister, Walid al-Muallim, of which perhaps the most important was the removal of visas, allowing for a free flow of people across their common border.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; Turkey also broke new ground in October by signing two protocols with Armenia, providing for the restoration of diplomatic relations and the opening of the border between them. Not surprisingly, Turkey’s ally Azerbaijan has strongly objected to this development, since it is locked in conflict with Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh, an Armenian-populated pocket of Azerbaijan occupied by Armenian forces.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; Indeed, Turkey’s protocols with Armenia are unlikely to be fully implemented until Armenia withdraws from at least some of the districts surrounding Karabakh — but, at the very least, a historic start has been made toward Turkish-Armenian reconciliation.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; From the Arab point of view, the most dramatic development has undoubtedly been the cooling of Turkey’s relations with Israel. The relationship has been damaged by the outrage felt by many Turks at Israel’s cruel oppression of the Palestinians, which reached its peak with the Gaza War.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; Even before the assault on Gaza, Prime Minister Erdogan — a strong supporter of the Palestine cause — did not hesitate to describe some of Israel’s brutal actions as “state terrorism.” A total breach between the two countries is unlikely, but relations are unlikely to recover their earlier warmth so long as Israel’s hard-line prime minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, and his foreign minister, Avigdor Lieberman, remain in power.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; Underpinning Turkey’s diplomacy is its central role as an energy hub linking oil and gas producers in Russia and Central Asia with energy-hungry markets in Europe.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; One way and another, a resurgent Turkey is rewriting the rules of the power game in the Middle East in a positive and non-confrontational manner. This is one of the few bright spots in a turbulent and highly inflammable Middle East.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; Patrick Seale is the author of “The Struggle for Syria,” “Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East” and “Abu Nidal: A Gun for Hire.” Agence Global&lt;/p&gt;
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<author>
<name>moab75</name>
<uri>http://mernoire.hautetfort.com/about.html</uri>
</author>
<title>Turkey and the Middle East Looking east and south</title>
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<id>tag:mernoire.hautetfort.com,2009-11-02:2447362</id>
<updated>2009-11-02T09:54:59+01:00</updated>
<published>2009-11-02T09:54:59+01:00</published>
<category term="Armenie, Turquie, Azerbaidjan" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#category" />
<category term="turquie" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
<category term="moyen-orient" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
<category term="politique extérieure" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
<summary> Oct 29th 2009 | ISTANBUL   From  The Economist  print edition   Frustrated...</summary>
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&lt;p&gt;Oct 29th 2009 | ISTANBUL&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;info&quot;&gt;From &lt;em&gt;The Economist&lt;/em&gt; print edition&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;Frustrated by European equivocation, Turkey is reversing years of antagonism with its Arab neighbours&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;content-image-full&quot; style=&quot;width: 450px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Illustration by Peter Schrank&lt;/span&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://media.economist.com/images/20091031/D4409MA1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot; &quot; width=&quot;450&quot; height=&quot;372&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;IT IS a thousand years since the Turks arrived in the Middle East, migrating from Central Asia to Anatolia. For half of that millennium they ruled much of the region. But when the Ottoman Empire fizzled out and the Turkish Republic was born in 1923, they all but sealed themselves off from their former dominions, turning instead to Europe and tightly embracing America in its cold war with the Soviet Union.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The Turks are now back in the Middle East, in the benign guise of traders and diplomats. The move is natural, considering proximity, the strength of the Turkish economy, the revival of Islamic feeling in Turkey after decades of enforced secularism, and frustration with the sluggishness of talks to join the European Union. Indeed, Turkey’s Middle East offensive has taken on something of the scale and momentum of an invasion, albeit a peaceful one.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;banner advert&quot;&gt; &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;!-- Start ad 14A394EFE6BDCE6A3C07B08F801F15BA --&gt; &lt;div id=&quot;advertcode&quot;&gt;&lt;!-- begin ad tag (tile=4) --&gt; &lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; type=&quot;text/javascript&quot;&gt; //&lt;![CDATA[ document.write('&amp;lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;http://ad.doubleclick.net/adj/web.economist.com/all_articles;nav=world_politics_v_middle_east_and_africa;nh=C893970D;audience_topic=worldpolitics;audience_channel=globalisation;!c=14753776;pos=mpu_left;tile=4;sz=350x300,336x236,300x250,250x250;subs=' + isSubscriber() + segQS + ';ord=' + ord + '?&quot; type=&quot;text/javascript&quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/script&amp;gt;'); //]]&gt; &lt;/script&gt; &lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;http://ad.doubleclick.net/adj/web.economist.com/all_articles;nav=world_politics_v_middle_east_and_africa;nh=C893970D;audience_topic=worldpolitics;audience_channel=globalisation;%21c=14753776;pos=mpu_left;tile=4;sz=350x300,336x236,300x250,250x250;subs=n;rsi=J08782_10009;rsi=J08782_10012;rsi=J08782_10018;rsi=J08782_10019;rsi=J08782_10020;rsi=J08782_10022;rsi=J08782_10025;rsi=J08782_10026;rsi=J08782_10034;;ord=8899697467093204?&quot; 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quality=&quot;high&quot; allowscriptaccess=&quot;always&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; height=&quot;250&quot; /&gt;&lt;/object&gt; &lt;noscript&gt;&amp;lt;a href=&quot;http://ad.doubleclick.net/click%3Bh=v8/38d9/3/0/%2a/j%3B215926944%3B6-0%3B0%3B37077512%3B4307-300/250%3B31561148/31579024/2%3B%3B%7Efdr%3D214254144%3B0-0%3B6%3B31658731%3B4307-300/250%3B33852265/33870143/1%3B%3B%7Esscs%3D%3fhttp://www.veolia.com/en/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;img src=&quot;http://m1.2mdn.net/1654588/Bouquet_FR_300x250_230409.gif&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; height=&quot;250&quot; alt=&quot;Click here...&quot; galleryimg=&quot;no&quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&lt;/noscript&gt; &lt;noscript&gt;&amp;lt;a href=&quot;http://ad.doubleclick.net/jump/web.economist.com/all_articles;nav=world_politics_v_middle_east_and_africa;nh=C893970D;audience_topic=worldpolitics;audience_channel=globalisation;!c=14753776;pos=mpu_left;tile=4;sz=350x300,336x236,300x250,250x250;ord=311541214?&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;img src=&quot;http://ad.doubleclick.net/ad/web.economist.com/all_articles;nav=world_politics_v_middle_east_and_africa;nh=C893970D;audience_topic=worldpolitics;audience_channel=globalisation;!c=14753776;pos=mpu_left;tile=4;sz=350x300,336x236,300x250,250x250;ord=311541214?&quot; width=&quot;350&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;!-- End ad 14A394EFE6BDCE6A3C07B08F801F15BA --&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;In the past seven years the value of Turkey’s exports to the Middle East and north Africa has swollen nearly sevenfold to $31 billion in 2008. From cars to tableware, dried figs to television serials, Turkish products, unknown a decade ago, are now ubiquitous in markets from Algiers to Tehran. Already a vital conduit for sending energy from east to west, Turkey is set to grow in importance as more pipelines come on stream. The most notable is Nabucco, a proposed €7.9 billion ($11.7 billion) scheme to carry gas across Turkey from Azerbaijan and possibly Turkmenistan, Iran, Iraq and Egypt. A single Turkish construction firm, TAV, has just finished an airport terminal for Egypt’s capital, Cairo, and is building others in Libya, Qatar, Tunisia and the United Arab Emirates. Turks have scooped up hundreds of infrastructure contracts in Iraqi Kurdistan, and invested in shopping malls, hotels and even schools.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;These achievements are partly due to an energetic pursuit of trading privileges, such as Turkey’s free-trade pacts with Egypt, Israel, Morocco and Tunisia. It is seeking a similar deal with the six-member Gulf Co-operation Council, which includes Saudi Arabia. Earlier this month, teams of Turkish ministers travelled to Baghdad and Damascus to sign a package of 48 co-operation deals with Iraq and 40 with Syria. Covering everything from tourism to counter-terrorism and joint military exercises, the deals could end decades of tension between Turkey and its former Ottoman provinces.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;content-image-float&quot; style=&quot;width: 256px;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://media.economist.com/images/20091031/CMA990.gif&quot; alt=&quot; &quot; width=&quot;256&quot; height=&quot;216&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;Turkey’s prime minister, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, has just been warmly received in the Iranian capital, Tehran, a reflection of the realpolitik that has kept links open despite the Islamic Republic’s international isolation. Turkey requires no visas for Iranians, and Mr Erdogan, who has stressed Iran’s right to nuclear power for civil purposes, pointedly congratulated Iran’s president, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, after his disputed election win in June. Turkey only recently made an historic breakthrough in relations with another eastern neighbour, Armenia. If the parliaments of both countries endorse the move, diplomatic ties may be restored after a 16-year freeze.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;This dogged diplomatic pragmatism has been ardently pursued by the foreign minister, Ahmet Davutoglu, an ebullient professor of international relations who had long advised Mr Erdogan before his appointment in May. Mr Davutoglu, who in a book described the Middle East as “Turkey’s strategic depth”, has called for a policy of “zero problems with neighbours”. Reflecting the mild, modernist Islamism of the Justice and Development party, known by its Turkish initials AK, which has ruled Turkey since 2002, the new policy seeks to use the soft power of trade, along with historical links, to project stability beyond Turkey’s frontiers. This marks a distinct shift in worldview. In the past Turkey tended to see itself as an eastern bulwark of the NATO alliance, whereas its Middle Eastern neighbours were viewed as threats to be contained.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Whatever Mr Davutoglu’s persuasive powers, this reorientation could not have happened without dramatic changes in Turkey. Reforms undertaken partly to meet demands for EU membership have shifted power from threat-obsessed generals to civilian institutions, and to a new, more self-consciously Muslim elite rooted in Anatolia rather than Istanbul, Turkey’s Western-looking commercial and intellectual capital. The AK party has also reversed decades of official policy by trying to meet the demands of Turkey’s large Kurdish minority (some 14m in a total population of 72m). The granting of more cultural and political rights, and the admission of past discrimination, have soothed tempers not only among Turkish Kurds, but among their ethnic kin in Iraq, Iran and Syria.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Yet a reason for the success of Turkey’s kinder, gentler approach is that it takes place in the context of a regional power vacuum. Such relative Arab heavyweights as Egypt and Iraq no longer wield much clout. American influence has also dipped in the wake of its troubles in Iraq. Indeed, Turkey’s biggest breakthrough in Arab public opinion came in 2003, when its parliament rejected an American request to open Turkish territory as a second front for the invasion of Iraq. Turkey did allow the use of an airbase to supply the war, but escaped the opprobrium heaped on America’s Arab allies who grudgingly lent support to the toppling of Saddam Hussein.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Turkey has also been welcomed back because many Arabs see it as both a moderate counterweight to Iran and as a window to the West. Iraqi Shias, for instance, are still wary of Iranian meddling in Iraq, even though Iraq’s main Shia parties have close relations with Iran. Iraq’s Kurds, despite age-old tensions with Turkey, have also warmed their relations as trade has boomed and the looming departure of the Kurds’ American protectors raises the spectre of isolation. The secular government of Syria, an ostensible ally of Iran, in fact shares little cultural affinity with its stridently Islamist rulers, compared with the AK party’s businesslike, tie-wearing officials. Improved relations with Turkey, which now include visa-free travel, bring much-needed relief to Syria, isolated diplomatically and economically backward. In fact, so eager has Syria been to woo Turkey that in 2005 it scrapped a longstanding territorial claim to Hatay, a province granted to Turkey in 1939 by France, Syria’s colonial master at the time.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Turkish officials, however, have been careful to explain that their renewed interest in the Muslim east does not mean a chill towards the West. Instead, they present Turkey as a useful bridge, a regional force for peace, and the model of a democracy that is compatible with Islam. Its Western allies have generally shared that view and have not opposed Turkey’s eastward shift. Yet such benign indifference could change, if Turkey’s prospects for joining the EU die, or if Turkey is seen as undermining attempts to pressure Iran.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Already, Turkey’s gentle realignment has carried some costs, most obviously to its relations with Israel. These flourished into a full-blown strategic partnership in the 1990s, before the AK party’s rise, when peace between Palestinians and Israelis seemed possible. Joint military exercises and Israeli arms sales brought the two countries’ military establishments close, while trade and tourism expanded fast. Israel even offered to shield Turkey from lobbies in the American Congress that sought to punish Turkey for disputing the genocide of Armenians in Ottoman territory during the first world war.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;the_end_of_an_affair&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;The end of an affair?&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;p&gt;But ties have frayed as Turkish public opinion, which now counts for more, has turned increasingly hostile to Israel. Mr Erdogan, a tough, streetwise politician, felt slighted last year when Israel attacked Gaza only days after he had met Israel’s then prime minister, Ehud Olmert, who assured him that Turkish-brokered peace talks between Israel and Syria would resume. The bloodshed in Gaza outraged many Turks, who heartily praised Mr Erdogan when he stormed out of a debate with Israel’s president, Shimon Peres, at Davos in Switzerland earlier this year.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The Turks were again angered in September when Israel denied Mr Davutoglu permission to cross into Gaza during a visit to Israel. Earlier this month Turkey, citing Israel’s failure to deliver an order of military drone aircraft, abruptly cancelled joint air exercises. Israel, for its part, lodged a formal protest at the airing, on Turkish state television, of a serial depicting Israeli soldiers as brutal killers. Some Israeli officials say they detect signs of anti-Semitism that disqualify Turkey from mediating any longer between Syria and Israel.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Turkish officials respond that they have no intention of breaking off relations with Israel, and think they can still be a useful interlocutor with the Jewish state. But they remain indignant. “We might have lost leverage with Israel,” says an AK party man. “But I’d rather be on the side of history, of what is right, of justice.” One of Mr Erdogan’s advisers puts Turkey’s case more boldly, in a sign of its growing confidence as a regional leader. “We are conditioning relations with Israel on the progress of the conflict,” he says. “This is what the West should do.”&lt;/p&gt;
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<author>
<name>moab75</name>
<uri>http://mernoire.hautetfort.com/about.html</uri>
</author>
<title>NATO and Russia  War games</title>
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://mernoire.hautetfort.com/archive/2009/11/02/nato-and-russia-war-games.html" />
<id>tag:mernoire.hautetfort.com,2009-11-02:2447360</id>
<updated>2009-11-02T09:54:11+01:00</updated>
<published>2009-11-02T09:54:11+01:00</published>
<category term="OTAN et mer Noire" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#category" />
<category term="otan" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
<category term="russie" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
<category term="baltes" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
<category term="guerre" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
<summary> Oct 29th 2009 | RIGA AND TALLINN  From The Economist print edition...</summary>
<content type="html" xml:base="http://mernoire.hautetfort.com/">
&lt;p&gt;Oct 29th 2009 | RIGA AND TALLINN&lt;br /&gt; From The Economist print edition&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; SCAREMONGERING is where defence-planning and politics overlap. Big military exercises in western Russia and Belarus, which finished earlier this month, were based on the following improbable scenario: ethnic Poles in western Belarus rise up and “terrorists” from Lithuania attack the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad. More than 10,000 troops from Russia and Belarus countered them, reinforcing Kaliningrad from the sea and sending special forces behind the enemy lines. Three NATO–like brigades, one visiting, one Estonian and one Latvian, then invaded western Russia, where they were successfully rebuffed by the elite Pskov-based 76th air assault division, reinforced by a motorised rifle brigade.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; Military exercises need a notional enemy and, from Russia’s point of view, NATO is the obvious choice. Because the alliance has expanded to Russia’s borders, taking in a dozen ex-communist members over strenuous protests from the Kremlin, it is all the more desirable to send a strong signal. What is more, Western countries have been urging (and helping) Russia’s military forces to become more professional. That requires practice drills.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; The main aim of the Russian exercises may indeed have been to measure progress on military reform, particularly the creation of more Western-style autonomous brigades. And, plainly, Russia is neither willing nor able to fight a real war with NATO. Yet the war-games look alarming to neighbours. They recall that the war in Georgia in August 2008 followed many years of exercises, and they point out that NATO has no formal contingency plans to defend its vulnerable Baltic members. Nor has the alliance held land drills on the territory of any of its new members. Indeed, until two years ago NATO’s threat assessments explicitly discounted the idea of conflict with Russia.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; Russia faces many security problems within its borders, and its armed forces are still rusty. It is hard to see why preparing for an implausible armed attack from the West should be a priority; these days America and its allies have little time to rehearse big-war manoeuvres because their soldiers are too busy fighting, or training to fight, insurgencies in Iraq and Afghanistan. Similarly, the idea of Lithuanian-based “terrorists” invading Russia is risible.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; Western military analysts have noted Russia’s use of destroyers and landing craft from the Black Sea and Northern Fleets to back up its feeble Baltic-based naval forces. They also noted the deployment of Russia’s most advanced S-400 air defence system in Belarus and a parallel drill conducted by the Strategic Rocket Forces, the guardians of the Kremlin’s nuclear arsenal. “The scope of the exercises, the weaponry used, the troops involved and the scenarios rehearsed all indicate unequivocally that Russia is actually rehearsing a full-scale conventional strategic military operation against a conventional opponent,” says a report by Kaarel Kaas, an analyst at an Estonian security think-tank, the International Centre for Defence Studies.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; Dividing the exercise into a northern war-game (called Ladoga) and a southern one (Zapad-09) brought each below the 13,000-troop threshold at which Russia is obliged to invite outside observers. Some neighbouring countries were not able to monitor the manoeuvres (Lithuania, with a handful of observers in Belarus, was an exception). That does not build confidence.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; From what outsiders can gather, the performance of Russian forces was patchy. A joint Belarusian-Russian headquarters worked poorly. Drones—a big feature of Western armies—seem to have been used mainly for show. Moving large numbers of troops and equipment around, a weakness during Russia’s war in Georgia, took too long.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; Polish, Baltic and other officials will meet in Warsaw shortly to discuss the significance of the exercises. NATO will assess them next month. America certainly took careful notes: the USS Cole, a guided-missile destroyer, visited Estonia. NATO warplanes mounted a modest air exercise. A planned exercise in the Baltic states next year is likely to be beefed up, perhaps with the involvement of part of NATO’s new mobile Response Force.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; Russia’s armed forces may be ramshackle, but many European members of NATO are in poor shape too. The alliance’s ability to defend the Baltic states depends almost wholly on American involvement. NATO hawks complain that members such as Germany and Italy are blocking attempts to draw up formal contingency plans for all its members—something that President Barack Obama has demanded. The doves retort that NATO’s Article 5, which says that an attack on one member is an attack on the whole alliance, is deterrent enough; new members who question its worth are hurting their own cause.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; Yet easterners are raising their voices in talks about NATO’s new “strategic concept”, a document to define its purpose that will be adopted next year. With NATO focused mostly on the fighting in Afghanistan, they want a clear statement that old-fashioned collective defence of NATO territory is still a priority. Only that, they say, will convince their voters that, with Russia flexing its muscles nearby, sending troops to Afghanistan is worth it.&lt;/p&gt;
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<author>
<name>moab75</name>
<uri>http://mernoire.hautetfort.com/about.html</uri>
</author>
<title>When good fences make bad neighbors</title>
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://mernoire.hautetfort.com/archive/2009/10/30/when-good-fences-make-bad-neighbors.html" />
<id>tag:mernoire.hautetfort.com,2009-10-30:2443504</id>
<updated>2009-10-30T16:12:14+01:00</updated>
<published>2009-10-30T16:11:00+01:00</published>
<category term="Mes notes de lecture" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#category" />
<category term="frontières" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
<category term="intangibilité" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
<category term="principe d'autordétermination" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
<summary>       Normal   0       21       false   false   false     FR   X-NONE...</summary>
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Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;19&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;21&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;31&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;32&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;33&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Book Title&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;37&quot; Name=&quot;Bibliography&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot; /&gt; &lt;/w:LatentStyles&gt; &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt; &lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt; &lt;mce:style&gt;&lt;!    /* Style Definitions */  table.MsoNormalTable         {mso-style-name:&quot;Tableau Normal&quot;;         mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;         mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;         mso-style-noshow:yes;         mso-style-priority:99;         mso-style-qformat:yes;         mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;;         mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;         mso-para-margin:0cm;         mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;         mso-pagination:widow-orphan;         font-size:11.0pt;         font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;         mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;         mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;         mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;         mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;         mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;         mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;         mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;         mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;         mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}  --&gt; &lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;«&amp;nbsp;When good fences make bad neighbors&amp;nbsp;», Boatz Atzili, &lt;i&gt;International Security&lt;/i&gt;, vol. 31, n°3, 2006-07, pp.139-173&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;La territorialisation croissante des Etats et l’interdiction de l’annexion territoriale ont fortement limité le nombre de conflits après la Seconde guerre mondiale. Les guerres sont aujourd’hui plutôt à chercher du côté des Etats défaillants, où des frontières durables peuvent être sources de conflit et d’instabilité. L’auteur de l’article s’interroge ainsi sur le rôle des territoires et des frontières dans les relations internationales, dans le contexte de l’intangibilité des frontières et sur leur rôle sur l’accroissement de la faiblesse des Etats.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Le concept d’intangibilité des frontières a commencé à se montrer efficace dès la proclamation du principe d’autodétermination en 1919. Mais c’est la Charte des Nation unies qui lui donne un caractère obligatoire en 1945. Cette norme, ou ce principe, n’est pas typiquement une caractéristique de la Guerre froide et de l’affrontement entre les Etats-Unis et l’URSS, même si les deux superpuissances l’ont soutenue dans leurs sphères d’influence respectives. En effet depuis 1991, aucun Etat n’a acquis de nouveaux territoires par la force, ce qui montre bien la fin en quelque sorte des guerres basées sur les conquêtes territoriales.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;L’auteur émet 4 hypothèses sur l’influence de l’intangibilité des frontières sur le système international&amp;nbsp;: (1) des frontières intangibles accroissent la faiblesse initiale d’un Etat&amp;nbsp;; (2) dans un environnement de frontières intangibles, les Etats faibles ont de fortes chances de subir des guerres civiles&amp;nbsp;; (3) un certain nombre de facteurs tendent dans ce contexte à transformer un conflit interne en une guerre entre Etats&amp;nbsp;; (4) la faiblesse d’un Etat est un risque de guerre international car un tel Etat attise l’appétit de puissance de ses voisins. L’auteur prend l’exemple du Congo pour montrer combien la norme de respect des frontières dans le système international peut engendrer des tensions et des conflits.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;La guerre&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;La guerre interétatique a depuis le début de la construction des Etats contribué à renforcer les Etats, leurs armées, leurs institutions, mais aussi leur identité en cernant un ennemi commun à la collectivité. Selon cette analyse, la guerre interétatique a donc fortement contribué à construire les Etats et l’absence récente de véritables guerres interétatiques n’a pas permis d’affirmer les Etats affaiblis ou en cours de construction. Or, aujourd’hui les Etats ne meurent plus&amp;nbsp;: ils restent faibles et sont susceptibles de s’affaiblir encore. L’auteur prend toutefois des précautions en rappelant qu’il appartient avant tout aux décideurs politiques de construire un Etat, que donc la pression territoriale imposée par les Etats voisins ne peut être qualifié de déterministe.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Le droit&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;L’Etat ne meurt pas, car il est protégé juridiquement. Mais ce confort, cette protection juridique de la survie de l’Etat empêche les décideurs de prendre suffisamment de risques pour tenter de construire un véritable appareil étatique, donc pour construire un Etat-institution. En effet, ces institutions nécessaires à l’affirmation d’un Etat peuvent devenir des concurrents au pouvoir en place. Il est donc risqué de les rendre puissantes (armée ou bureaucratie efficace). Cela ne permet pas d’affermir les Etats et peut même conduire à leur désintégration (Afrique).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Dans les Etats affaiblis, des guerres civiles peuvent conduire à des conflits internationaux&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Les guerres civiles peuvent conduire à une internationalisation du conflit. Cela a pour conséquence l’accroissement depuis 1945 des guerres civiles susceptibles de se transformer en conflit international. Plus l’Etat est affaibli, plus le risque de déclenchement d’une guerre civile est important&amp;nbsp;: soit à cause des flux de réfugiés et des frontières devenues poreuses, soit à cause des solidarités ethniques transfrontalières donc internationales. Ensuite, l’opportunisme et l’avidité des voisins peuvent être des facteurs déclenchant. En effet, les voisins peuvent avoir des vues non territoriales sur ses voisins, pour exploiter ses ressources, en contrôlant par exemple le régime du pays, comme l’illustre le cas du Liban entre Israël et la Syrie.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Le cas du Congo&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Selon l’auteur, le cas congolais illustre parfaitement les hypothèses développées dans sa première partie.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Ainsi, c’est parce que le Congo ne subissait aucune pression territoriale de ses voisins qu’il a pu rester aussi faible&amp;nbsp;: aucune armée digne de ce nom n’avait à être constituée, et le pouvoir militaire pouvait rester corrompu. C’est pourquoi Mobutu a concentré ses efforts sur sa Garde présidentielle. Le Congo a donc été contrôlé par des forces internationales garantissant ses frontières et empêchant tout voisin de velléités expansionnistes (1). Le système économique était ensuite inopérant&amp;nbsp;: les politiques économiques étaient à court-terme, empêchant tout développement de l’Etat, notamment d’un système fiscal efficace. Le but était d’accroître la fortune personnelle de Mobutu et de se construire à la fois une image de leader du Tiers Monde et de l’Afrique et d’ami de l’Occident (2). De même, Mobutu ne voulait pas de rival à son pouvoir, qu’il soit administratif ou militaire, surtout pas de rival indépendant (3). Il n’a pas cherché à bien distribué les fonds publics&amp;nbsp;: seule la capitale l’intéressait car c’est à l’aune de son contrôle sur la capitale que la communauté internationale lui accordait son soutien (4). Encore il existait un très faible sentiment de légitimité de l’Etat accordé par la population zaïroise à son Etat (5). L’objectif n’était pas tant la survie de l’Etat que celle du régime en fait, que ce soit sous Mobutu ou sous Kabila père.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Frontières fixes qui favorisent l’expansion internationale d’un conflit interne&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;L’anarchie grandissante, les flux de réfugiés et les liens interethniques entre populations d’Etats voisins ont accru la transformation du conflit d’interne en externe. Selon l’auteur, cette internationalisation et cette expansion transfrontalière du conflit, due aux réfugiés et à la partie prenante dans le conflit des Etats voisins par solidarité ethnique, auraient été moins vigoureuses si le principe de l’intangibilité des frontières avait pu être remis en question.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusion&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;L’article cherche à montrer en fait combien sont dangereux les Etats faibles et leur risque de voir émerger un conflit interne qui peut rapidement se propager chez les voisins. En fait, l’environnement international autour de l’intangibilité des frontières affaiblit les Etats les plus faibles&amp;nbsp;: leurs élites ne cherchent pas à risquer leur pouvoir pour rétablir un certain ordre alors même que l’environnement international cherche à tout prix la survie de l’Etat quel que soit son état.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;L’auteur se focalise plus sur le concept d’Etats défaillants que sur celui réellement d’intangibilité des frontières. En considérant avant tout ce couple de concepts, la démonstration en devient plus facile car il ne s’agit pas alors des conséquences tant du principe des frontières immuables que de l’impossibilité d’un Etat affaibli à affronter les rivalités régionales. Finalement, il s’agit là surtout d’un article sur la contagion d’un conflit interne en un conflit externe si bien étudié par Lake et Rotschild dans leur fameuse étude &lt;i&gt;The International Spread of Ethnic Conflict&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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</entry>
<entry>
<author>
<name>moab75</name>
<uri>http://mernoire.hautetfort.com/about.html</uri>
</author>
<title>Géorgie : Saakachvili augmente son contrôle sur l’armée</title>
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://mernoire.hautetfort.com/archive/2009/10/30/georgie-saakachvili-augmente-son-controle-sur-l-armee.html" />
<id>tag:mernoire.hautetfort.com,2009-10-30:2442991</id>
<updated>2009-10-30T10:15:05+01:00</updated>
<published>2009-10-30T10:15:05+01:00</published>
<category term="Géorgie" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#category" />
<category term="géorgie" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
<category term="défense" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
<category term="saakhachvili" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
<summary>  Article paru dans l'édition du 29/10/2009  de Caucaz.com, cf....</summary>
<content type="html" xml:base="http://mernoire.hautetfort.com/">
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #a6a6a6; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;Article paru dans l'édition du 29/10/2009&lt;/span&gt; de Caucaz.com, cf. http://www.caucaz.com/home/breve_contenu.php?id=499&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color: #49738f;&quot;&gt;Par&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color: #49738f; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Johannes WETZINGER&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color: #49738f;&quot;&gt;à&amp;nbsp;Tbilissi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color: #49738f;&quot;&gt;Traduit en français par&amp;nbsp;Nicolas LANDRU&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;chapo3&quot;&gt;Un an après la « guerre d’août » pour l’Ossétie du Sud, le président géorgien Mikheïl Saakachvili est à l’origine de brûlants débats de politique intérieure après la nomination contestée d’un nouveau ministre de la défense. Batcho Akhalaïa, qui prend à présent ses fonctions à la place de Vassil Sikharoulidzé, doit se charger avec une « main de fer » de l’ordre dans l’armée ainsi que mettre fin aux luttes fratricides au sein ministère. L’opposition parle d’une décision personnelle de Saakachvili « la plus dangereuse » qu’il ait prise à ce jour. Quasiment dans le même temps, les Etats-Unis mettent sur pied un nouveau programme de formation pour soldats géorgiens et de ce point de vue poursuivent sous Barack Obama la même ligne que sous George W. Bush.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;corps_articles2&quot;&gt;Bien que les détails du déroulement de la « guerre d’août » pour l’Ossétie du Sud soient encore sujets à débats, une chose est dorénavant claire. Les forces armées géorgiennes ont été ébranlées dans leurs fondations quand le président Mikheïl Saakachvili essaya en août 2008 de ramener la région dissidente sous le contrôle de l’autorité centrale par la force militaire et fut en l’espace de quelques jours mis à genoux par la Russie. A présent, un homme nouveau doit avec une « main de fer » mettre de l’ordre dans les rangs et réorganiser l’armée géorgienne. Fin août, Mikheïl Saakachvili confiait cette tâche à Batcho Akhalaïa, âgé de 28 ans, en le nommant ministre de la défense. Celui-ci évince son prédécesseur Vassil Zikharoulidzé qui n’avait que neuf mois de service derrière lui. Akhalaïa déclarait que les objectifs du ministère de la défense géorgiens sont « clairs et inchangés » : ainsi, il s’agirait entre autres de moderniser les forces de combat et de faire avancer l’intégration à l’OTAN du pays. Même si ces formules surprennent peu, la nomination d’Akhalaïa fait des étincelles dans la vie politique intérieure. En effet, cette décision personnelle a immédiatement fait l’objet d’une véhémente critique dans les rangs de l’opposition et soulève une série de questions.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; L’un des points centraux de la critique publique concernait des évènements non éclaircis du parcours professionnel d’Akhalaïa. De 2005 à 2008, avant son arrivée au ministère de la défense à 28 ans, l’homme chapeautait le système carcéral géorgien. Des politiciens de l’opposition et des organisations de la société civile ont reproché à Akhalaïa des violations des droits de l’Homme quant il occupait ce poste, qui auraient entre autres été à l’origine des émeutes dans les prisons géorgiennes en 2006. Ces révoltes ont été durement réprimées par les forces de sécurité et se sont soldées par plusieurs morts. Dans les médias géorgiens, l’ombudsman Sosar Soubari dénonçait le peu de cas du droit public qu’Akhalaïa aurait fait lorsqu’il était à ce poste. Suffisamment d’éléments auraient été à disposition pour ouvrir une enquête judiciaire sur ces incidents. David Ousoupachvili, du Parti Républicain de l’opposition, est allé jusqu’ à parler de la décision personnelle de Saakachvili « la plus dangereuse » et sonnait l’alarme quant à de possibles « nouvelles aventures militaires » dans les zones de conflit.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; Le gouvernement ne veut néanmoins guère entendre parler des reproches faits au nouveau ministre de la défense. Les représentants du parti au pouvoir soulignent sans cesse qu’Akhalaïa a lutté efficacement contre le crime organisé dans les prisons. Mikheïl Saakachvili devait cependant concéder que l’homme de 28 ans s’est fait « beaucoup d’ennemis » à travers son activité précédente. Akhalaïa passe pour un proche du président et un protégé de l’influent ministre de l’intérieur Vano Mérabichvili. On peut ainsi voir décision d’appointer Akhalaïa comme une tentative d’aménager la verticale du pouvoir en Géorgie. Depuis la « guerre d’août » de l’année dernière, on a signalé à plusieurs reprises des luttes de pouvoir au sein du ministère de l’intérieur. Après la défaite, on a pu observer dans l’armée une croissance du mécontentement à l’égard du gouvernement ; des tendances qu’Akhalaïa doit à présent redresser, ouvertement avec un étroit soutien du président. L’homme est le septième ministre de la défense depuis la prise de pouvoir de Saakachvili il y a à peine six ans. Les experts des questions de sécurité ont plusieurs fois dénoncé cet incessant changement de personnel comme étant contreproductif.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; A un autre niveau, on peut en revanche déceler plus de continuité : Akhalaïa peut mener plus avant la modernisation des forces armées, comme son prédécesseur, avec le soutien des Etats-Unis. Sous George W. Bush, Washington s’est engagée depuis 2002 dans la mise en place de deux grands programmes d’entraînement pour le développement de l’armée géorgienne. Fin août, à présent sous le successeur de Bush, Barack Obama, un nouveau projet a été mis sur pied sous le titre « Georgia Deployment Program », qui doit préparer des soldats géorgiens pour une intervention en Afghanistan. Tbilissi veut participer à partir de mars 2010 à l’opération de l’OTAN au Hindou Kouch et était impliquée au cours des années précédentes dans des interventions internationales, jusqu’alors toutes en Irak. La Géorgie, via cet engagement et par ses efforts pour une réforme de l’armée, espère se rapprocher de l’OTAN pour obtenir une protection contre la Russie. Depuis la guerre russo-géorgienne de l’été 2008, les voix sceptiques à l’égard de la Géorgie se sont cependant toujours plus fait entendre au sein de l’organisation militaire. Une adhésion de la Géorgie n’est dans ces conditions plus envisageable pour le moment.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;b&gt;Augmentation des dépenses militaires sous Saakachvili&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; Pendant sa présidence, Mikheïl Saakachvili a jusqu’à présent placé le développement des forces de sécurité nationales au cœur de son projet de construction de l’Etat. Le fait qu’il y ait eu un réel besoin de réforme dans ce domaine au moment de sa prise de pouvoir fait largement consensus &lt;i&gt;(1)&lt;/i&gt; : le experts en matière de sécurité, géorgiens et internationaux, parlaient d’une armée chroniquement sous-financée, dans laquelle un état de catastrophe sociale – incluant mauvais traitements et sous alimentation – prédominait. Selon des études spécialisées, il n’était pas rare que les membres de l’armée soient directement impliqués dans le crime organisé pour arrondir leurs fins de mois. Saakachvili pratiqua une fuite en avant après sa prise de pouvoir : le budget de la défense fut radicalement augmenté et s’éleva de 31 millions de dollars en 2003 &lt;i&gt;(2)&lt;/i&gt; à une valeur maximale de 922 millions de dollars en 2007&lt;i&gt;(3)&lt;/i&gt;. Entre autre, cela permit d’acheter du nouveau matériel militaire et d’améliorer l’infrastructure. La modernisation de l’armée géorgienne a été présentée devant l’opinion public comme un projet à succès. Mais la défaite lors de la « guerre d’août » pour l’Ossétie du Sud mit au jour une toute autre réalité. Un rapport du pentagone de la fin 2008, rendu public par extraits, peint un portrait catastrophique de l’état de l’armée géorgienne : « mauvaise gestion », « commandement non qualifié », et « besoin de réformes approfondies » sont les termes des reproches rassemblés par le New York Times, égratignant ainsi l’ancien projet de prestige de Saakachvili.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; Bien que les réformes n’aient à l’évidence pas entrainé les résultats espérés par les autorités, leurs conséquences directes sur la situation politique ne doivent pas être sous-évaluées. D’abord, l’augmentation radicale des dépenses pour l’armement, en relation avec une rhétorique offensive et des aventures militaires répétées, a mené à une nette détérioration des rapports avec les deux régions dissidentes de la Géorgie. Ainsi, des chances existant pour arriver à des négociations constructives avec les régimes séparatistes en Abkhazie et en Ossétie du Sud ont été sapées par cette approche. Deuxièmement, l’orientation unilatérale de politique extérieure et de sécurité vers les Etats-Unis et l’OTAN a endommagé les relations avec le voisin russe, et là encore miné des possibilités pour un nouveau point de départ urgent et nécessaire. Et la protection de l’Occident que le leadership géorgien espérait s’est finalement laissée attendre au cours de la « guerre d’août ». Tertio, on a pu à maintes reprises entendre la critique selon laquelle les fortes dépenses pour l’armement ne seraient guère raisonnables en comparaison des problèmes sociaux du pays. Une question qui se pose toujours plus au vu des conséquences actuelles de la crise économique mondiale sur la Géorgie.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;i&gt;Notes:&lt;br /&gt; [1] On peut avoir un apperçu global de la situation dans : David Darchiashvili: „Georgia: A hostage to arms“, in: „The Caucasus: Armed and Divided – Small arms and light weapons proliferation and humanitarian consequences in the Caucasus“, Anna Matveeva/Duncan Hiscock (eds.), Saferworld, London, 2003, http://www.saferworld.org.uk/images/pubdocs/ArmedGeorgia.pdf&lt;br /&gt; [2] The International Institute for Strategic Studies: „The military balance 2004/2005“, London 2004, S. 290&lt;br /&gt; [3] International Crisis Group: „Georgia: Sliding towards Authoritarianism?“, Europe Report N°189, Tbilisi/Brussels, 19 December 2007, S. 11f., http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=5233&amp;amp;l=1&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</entry>
<entry>
<author>
<name>moab75</name>
<uri>http://mernoire.hautetfort.com/about.html</uri>
</author>
<title>Turkey and Armenia: Bones to pick</title>
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://mernoire.hautetfort.com/archive/2009/10/28/turkey-and-armenia-bones-to-pick.html" />
<id>tag:mernoire.hautetfort.com,2009-10-28:2440174</id>
<updated>2009-10-28T10:29:55+01:00</updated>
<published>2009-10-28T10:29:55+01:00</published>
<category term="Armenie, Turquie, Azerbaidjan" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#category" />
<category term="turquie" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
<category term="arménie" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
<category term="rapprochement" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
<summary> Oct 8th 2009 | DER ZOR, SYRIA  From The Economist print edition      A new...</summary>
<content type="html" xml:base="http://mernoire.hautetfort.com/">
&lt;p&gt;Oct 8th 2009 | DER ZOR, SYRIA&lt;br /&gt; From The Economist print edition&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; A new deal, but the old quarrels persist&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; THE bones protrude from the earth. An Armenian priest extracts them, praying quietly. Syrian secret police in a green jeep look on. Residents of Busayrah, a village 35km (22 miles) south-east of Der Zor, claim the bones are of hundreds of thousands of Armenians marched into the Syrian desert and slaughtered by Ottoman forces in 1915. “Donkeys are now defecating on the bones of my forefathers. They were not allowed dignity, not even in death,” says Khatchig Mouradian, a journalist.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; Armenians say the mass extermination of their forebears was genocide. Members of the Armenian diaspora believe that justice will not be done until the world, and above all Turkey, accepts this. And that is why many viscerally oppose a landmark deal between Turkey and its landlocked neighbour, Armenia, due to be signed this weekend in Switzerland.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; Serzh Sargsyan, Armenia’s president, has been blasted by nationalist opponents and greeted with howls of “traitor” by thousands of Armenian protesters in France, America and Lebanon where he has (unsuccessfully) lobbied the diaspora’s leaders for support. Websites with names like “stoptheprotocols.com” abound.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; The draft agreement calls for diplomatic ties and the reopening of Armenia’s border with Turkey, sealed by the Turks in 1993 in solidarity with their Azeri cousins after Armenia occupied chunks of Azerbaijan following a nasty war over the mainly Armenian enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh. Diaspora Armenians are especially incensed by a plan for a joint commission of historians to investigate the events leading up to 1915. They fume that this calls the genocide into doubt and may make it harder to seek compensation. Most historians agree that there were as many as 1m Armenians living in Turkey before 1915, compared with 60,000 today. Much of their wealth went to Muslim Turks.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; William Schabas, a professor of human rights in Galway, Ireland, says the 1915 killings constituted genocide. But he also argues that “there is no solid legal precedent for a right to compensation with respect to events that took place nearly a century ago.” In Turkey, too, there are deep misgivings about peace with Armenia. Opposition parties have accused Recep Tayyip Erdogan, the prime minister, of “carrying out America’s orders” and “selling the country”. They will fight the agreement if it is put to a vote in parliament.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; Mr Erdogan (whose ruling Justice and Development Party has a clear majority in parliament) has made clear that Armenia needs to cede some of the occupied territories around Nagorno-Karabakh before the agreement can be approved. That is because Azerbaijan, which sells large quantities of oil and gas to Turkey, threatens to turn to Russia should Turkey abandon its cause. The Turks pin their hopes on a meeting due soon between Mr Sargsyan and his Azeri counterpart, Ilham Aliev, in Moldova. Mr Aliev claims that a deal is imminent. But Mr Sargsyan has said that he won’t be “signing anything”.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; The concern for Turkey may then be that merely signing a deal with Armenia without ratifying it will not be enough to stave off threats by America’s Congress to pass a bill labelling the Armenian tragedy as genocide. The past week’s events show that, even if Turkey and Armenia shake hands, the diaspora will keep to its cause. But the question Turkey should ask itself is how long it can evade the ghosts of its bloody past.&lt;/p&gt;
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